A Letter From The Birmingham Jail - 1110 Words

The primary goal of a sermon in church is to convince or persuade the congregation to turn to God and follow his ways and beliefs. A sermon is commonly broken up into several subsections beginning with â€Å"(1) an introduction ‘to establish a common ground of religious feeling’; (2) ‘a statement of the text’ which is often drawn directly from the Bible; (3) the ‘body of the sermon,’ which consists of repeated emotional climaxes; and (4) the ‘conclusion’ which resolves the emotional tension aroused by the sermon by drawing the sinners to God.† (Pipes 143). Based on these characteristics and King’s religious background and experience as a preacher, it is logical to argue that the structure of â€Å"A Letter from the Birmingham Jail† resembles that of a sermon which is aimed at an audience much larger than that of just eight clergymen. Through his brilliant use of persuasive methods and emotional appeal, Martin Lu ther King turns a simple response to a letter into a national cause for white support to combat segregation. He begins his letter by stating that he is writing this letter â€Å"while confined here in the Birmingham City Jail† (King 2). However although one in such conditions for being wrongly convicted and forced to write this within small jail walls would be expected to be hostile, King’s tone is instead calm and patient. He addresses his attackers as â€Å"my dear fellow clergymen† (2). And even apologized that they expressed different opinions (3). This, to an open audience, givesShow MoreRelatedLetter from Birmingham Jail1872 Words   |  8 Pages2015 Letter from Birmingham Jail-Rhetorical Analysis Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote the â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† in order to address the biggest issue in Birmingham and the United States at the time (racism) and to also address the critics he received from the clergymen. The letter discusses the great injustices happening toward the Black community in Birmingham and although it is primarily aimed at the clergymen King writes the letter for all to read. In his â€Å"Letter from Birmingham JailRead MoreThe Letter From Birmingham Jail 1321 Words   |  6 Pages(King). Children ripped apart from their families, not being able to socialize with certain people, or even go to the local amusement park. It was a hard time to be a colored person, and there was one hope. Martin Luther King, Jr. believed that one day blacks and whites could one day come together peacefully. King tried to do what he believed was right with everything in his will to finally join forces and not be talked down on by whites. In the â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† he includes several eventsRead MoreThe Letter From A Birmingham Jail809 Words   |  4 Pagesbut all human beings who were being treated unjustly. He is known for many speeches, but The Letter from a Birmingham Jail† written in 1963 was phenomenal in my opinion; this letter, written in response to â€Å"A Call for Unity,†(Carpenter et. el, 1963 ) an article written by eight, white, Alabama clergymen, was to serve as a response to those who believed that King acted inappropriately for coming to Birmingham, Alabama, as an outsider, for creating immense tension with his demonstrations, and for theRead MoreLetter from a Birmingham Jail759 Words   |  4 PagesLuther King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham jail† is a mix of emotional passion and logical precision that seeks to achieve meaningful cause. The letter was a response to white clergy who were critical of his intention in Birmingham naming him an â€Å"outsider†. Kingà ¢â‚¬â„¢s response to critics through a letter explains his arguments vividly and effectively. King wrote the letter in a way that he agreed with his critics, nonetheless still using their words against them in logic harmony. King’s letter illustratesRead MoreThe Letter From A Birmingham Jail1266 Words   |  6 PagesDr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a key figure in the civil rights movements that took place in the 1950s and 1960s. The â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† is an open letter written by King defending nonviolent resistance against racism. The letter argued that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust and unethical laws. The letter also stresses themes of unity among brothers in order to overcome racism. I will argue in support of King’s stance that citizens are morally justified in breakingRead MoreLetter From A Birmingham Jail1900 Words   |  8 PagesSummary and Response â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† John Hodgin English 111-54H Professor Bradford Ivy Tech Community College September 24, 2017 Cover Letter Professor Bradford, Obviously my primary motivation for writing my Summary and Response Draft is that it is a requirement for my English Composition Class. Having said that, I also have another heartfelt motivation for writing my Summary and Response about Martin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail†. I have studied aboutRead MoreEssay on A Letter From a Birmingham Jail717 Words   |  3 PagesA Letter From a Birmingham Jail In Martin Luther King, Jr.s Letter from a Birmingham Jail, his thoughts and ideas are directly stated, well expressed, explained, and illustrated. Kings style of writing gives the reader a clear glimpse into the world with which he struggled and allows his letter to be powerfully effective. In the introductory paragraph, King introduces his reason for writing the letter and details who the audience is to be. He explains that he rarely answers criticismsRead MoreLetter From Birmingham City Jail Essay1700 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Ybarra Philosophy 1C 23 November 2015 Letter From Birmingham City Jail Martin Luther King Jr. wrote the Letter from Birmingham City Jail to the clergymen, saying that they criticized the actions and how they were targeting him. He explains in the letter how the city of Birmingham has gone through all the nonviolent campaigns and that it proves that their is serious racial injustice. Martin Luther King Jr. composed the letter to Birmingham in 1963. The reason why so many people were complainingRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail Act904 Words   |  4 Pages In April 1963, the city of Birmingham, Alabama, was caught in the midst of massive civil rights protests. Protestors advocating for desegregation brought the city to a halt with widespread disruptive yet peaceful protests. After a circuit court placed an injunction against protesting, parading and picketing King was arrested for his involvement. While in jail King received a letter written by eight Alabama clergymen criticizing King for his disruptive protests and the breaking of laws which leadRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail Essay Essay1451 Words   |  6 PagesZhuo Liu Lauren Sassenoff English 1P-5 25 September 2016 Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay In 1963 Martin Luther King Jr. wrote a letter while incarcerated in Birmingham jail to eight clergymen in response to their letter known as â€Å"A Call for Unity.†Ã‚  The letter asked for the stop of direct action type protest in Birmingham, Alabama that Martin Luther King was leading.   The letter has become known as one of the greatest works of argument in American history. Part of the reason for the letter’s

Benefits Of Social Networking Sites - 3095 Words

Social Networks have become a very popular platform for people to communicate and stay in touch with their family, friends and connect with long lost loved ones from around the world. Not just for informal communication, social networks is also used as professional networking tool for job hunting, increasing sales revenue, marketing campaigns, keeping public informed of safety, health, political campaigns and other social issues. It has become another medium for news and entertainment and definitely helping bring people closer together socially, personally, and professionally. In the last decade, popularity of social networks took a major hike, transformed how people communicate and there is no arguing that social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google etc. are resourceful, beneficial and have become an integral part of our personal and professional lives. Social networking sites have definitely benefited its users and organizations with its collaborative and distributed approach but it all comes with a price and has outgrown a major concern of privacy and security that put user information and personal data at risk. It has put even organizations at risk, ranging from damaging their brand to exposing proprietary information to inviting lawsuits. Social networking users should be aware of that any or all information they post online could be accessible by malicious users (cybercriminals) and can be exploited to hurt them physically, financially orShow MoreRelated Benefits of Social Networking Sites Essay1226 Words   |  5 Pagesinvention of social networking tools, such as, Facebook, MySpace, AIM, Blackberry Messenger (BBM), Twitter, and Formspring, millions of people have been able to instantly notify others concerning their whereabouts, meet/make new friends, reconnect with old friends, blog, play games, and upload videos and pictures. Social networking has become a part of our daily routine and is a trend that will only continue to evolve as we grow old. Before the release of the highly popularized social networking websitesRead MoreSocial Networking Sites Bring More Benefits Than Harms.843 Words   |  4 PagesNowadays, social networking sites are very popular among people all around the world especially teenagers. In fact, social networking sites such as Facebook, MySpace and Twitter are names which are quite familiar to anyone of us. Furthermore, many of us make use of these social networking sites to stay in touch with our family and friends. This is because that these sites are cheap, fast and easy to access. However, the parents often feel worry for letting their teens use these social networking sitesRead MoreSocial Networking Sites Provide More Benefits than Problems Essay1111 Words   |  5 PagesVarious social networking services have achieved enormous success at the first decade of the 21st century. Up to 2010, more than 500 million users globally have been regularly using Facebook (Kirkpatrick, 2010, 2). A social networ king site is defined as an online platform where socially related users can communicate and share information with each other, such as Facebook, Twitter, Myspace and Renren. Howevertheir success did not come without a price. It has long been a question that whether theseRead MoreSocial Networking Sites Have Brought More Problems Than Benefits to Society.983 Words   |  4 PagesSocial networking sites are a new revolution that deserves our attention, as we ourselves are part of this revolution. Social networking is an umbrella term that refers to the various activities that integrate technology, social interaction, and construction of words, pictures, audio and videos. Simply put, social networking is about the million of conversations that take place all over the world on social networking sites, which includes Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, online forums, etc. ProponentsRead More Social Networks Essay1380 Words   |  6 PagesFox 2009, Pg 247). With the introduction of social netw orking sites such as Facebook, My Space, Twitter and various smaller community based social networking sites it has made the ability of communicating so easy and accessible that people are able to sit in one place and know about what is going on somewhere else in the world related to your friend / group / community network (Nair 2009, Pg 52). This essay will focus on how social networking sites play an integral part of everyday communicationRead MoreControversial Issues essay about Social Networking2034 Words   |  6 PagesThe Benefits of Social Networking Abstract In the following essay, the benefits and consequences of social networking are explained and the different uses of social media are revealed. Websites, such as Facebook, have grown so popular that they have been created into mobile apps for individuals to use when he or she is unable to access a computer. With the significant increase in the number of its users, social networking has become a universal activity with its positive effects outweighing itsRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Networking On Society1317 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Social Networking Intro Over half of the world uses the internet. 2.2 billion people actively use any kind of social networking. There were 176 million new users of social media just last year (Regan 1). With the influence of so many people a pressing question: Is the impact of social media harmful or beneficial in its effects? Social networking is one of the biggest reports of online traffic. So, if so many people are using these networking sites, what are the effects on us? The â€Å"first†Read MoreSocial Networking Services Success Essay examples1026 Words   |  5 PagesVarious social networking services have achieved enormous success at the first decade of the 21st century. Up to 2010, more than 500 million users globally have been regularly using Facebook (Kirkpatrick, 2010, 2). For this purpose in this essay, social networking site is defined as an online platform where socially related users can communicate and share information with each other, such as Facebook, Twitter, Myspace and Renren. It has long been a question that whether these services brought moreRead MoreEssay on Social Networking Sites: Beneficial to Society1451 Words   |  6 PagesSocial networking sites are great for society, promoting increased communication and connection between hundreds of millions of people throughout the world. While some people do argue that the dangers of online networking far outweigh the benefits, it is clear that this is not the case; rather i t is the other way around. Online social networking can be broadly defined as any website or other type of online communication that allows people to interact with each other. Blogging, or keeping an onlineRead MoreEssay about The Role of Social Media in American Society 1127 Words   |  5 PagesWhen analyzing the role of social media in American society, several questions come to mind. What is social media and are these social media and networking sites helpful to the people of America; can these sites be used to enhance or do they intrude in the relationships people have with others, and can they be integrated into their daily lives successfully. As the world becomes more and more technology friendly, the internet has transformed into a place that nearly everyone can go to get away. With

Restrictions on Gun Ownership Free Essays

Running Head: RESTRICTIONS ON GUN OWNERSHIP Are there any Legitimate Restrictions on Gun Ownership? Steve PHI103: Informal Logic The Second Amendment of the United States Constitution gives the citizens of America the right of the people to bear arms. This was adopted with the rest of the Bill of Rights. However, with this being said there are people that take this right to heart, and they feel they should be able to have any gun they want. We will write a custom essay sample on Restrictions on Gun Ownership or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are guns that are specifically designed for military, some local or state law enforcement and are illegal for the average person to own. There are a lot of Federal and state laws that have to be met prior to anyone purchasing and therefore, owning a gun. There are safety laws that have been put in place to keep guns out of the hands of convicted felons, children, and the mentally handicapped as well as other irresponsible people that may have the ability to injure or kill another human being. There are also certain criteria a person will have to meet before the purchase of a gun will go through. A gun owner knows what it takes to kill and those individuals know there should be different forms of gun control measures to help prevent accidents from occurring. As the saying goes â€Å"Guns don’t kill people, people do. † The prevention of accidents is just one reason for supporting gun control. Another reason to support gun control is to prevent the people already mentioned from having the ability to get a gun that can be used to injure or intimidate people. Better enforcement of the many gun laws we have in place currently should be the priority of the state and local law enforcement agencies. Commandeering someone’s gun or extremely over-the-top gun laws are not the answers to fixing the gun problems we are faced with today. Strictly enforcing current laws, we have in place now is the answer. The U. S. Supreme Court in a 5-4 vote on Thursday June 26, 2008 declared for the first time that Second Amendment to the U. S. Constitution guaranteed the rights of individual Americans to bear and keep arms. They stated that the ownership of a gun is a right of the individual, not intertwined with military service, and that it can be regulated in some ways, (2008, June 26) Furthermore, this ruling came out of Washington D. C; case that had a security guard sued the district for prohibiting him from keeping his handgun at his home. In D. C. , it is a crime to carry an unregistered firearm, and registration of a handgun is prohibited. The rules for handguns are so strict that they regulate handguns out of existence. These rules are put in place to try and curb violence with handguns in the nation’s capital. This ruling furthermore struck down this ban on constitutional grounds, stating it flew in the face of our constitutional right to bear arms, (2008, June 26) The case in D. C. also It was also stated that the two sides in this case viewed the Founding Fathers intentions of the Amendment rights very different. For the most part the majority of the Supreme Court Justices said that this amendment protected the individual’s right to own a gun without connection with the service in a militia and to use this for a lawful purpose such as self-defense in the home. â€Å"Like most rights, the Second Amendment right is not unlimited. It is not a right to keep and carry any weapons whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose,† Justice Antonin Scalia wrote for the majority. But it did allow for individuals to have guns for lawful purposes, such as hunting and defending themselves, he said. The majority clearly saw the individual right to own a gun, (2008, June 26) This ruling left in place many restrictions at both the federal and state levels, like the bans that were placed on felon’s right to have a gun, and the bans on sawed-off shotguns and assault weapons. Justice John Paul Stevens stated that this ruling would leave it up to future courts to really define the details of the right to bear arms. He also stated that this should be the business of state legislatures, and that the court should stay out of this. Lastly, he stated that the law-abiding citizen will be able to keep a gun at home, but that it doesn’t address how the different states legislatures will want to regulate gun ownership. In another statement by Justice Stephen Breyer he stated that in his view â€Å"there simply is no untouchable constitutional right guaranteed by the Second Amendment to keep loaded handguns in the house in crime-ridden urban areas, (2008, June 26) This was a topic for debate between the 2008 democratic and republican presidential office runners. Senator McCain stated â€Å"Today’s ruling makes clear that other municipalities like Chicago that have banned handguns have infringed on the constitutional rights of Americans,† he said. He also took a thinly veiled shot at the presumptive Democratic nominee, Sen. Barack Obama by saying â€Å"Unlike the elitist view that believes Americans cling to guns out of bitterness, today’s ruling recognizes that gun ownership is a fundamental right — sacred, just as the right to free speech and assembly. Presidential nominee Barack Obama responded to this ruling by stating that â€Å"Today’s ruling, the first clear statement on this issue in 127 years, will provide much-needed guidance to local jurisdictions across the country,† he said, adding that â€Å"what works in Chicago may not work in Cheyenne,† but the decision reinforced that â€Å"if we act responsibly, we can both protect the constitutional right to bear arms and keep our communit ies and our children safe, (2008, June 26) It would only be fair to state that the crime rate has plummeted since the Supreme court made its decision on the Second Amendment. The table below shows just the Chicago data and as you can see there is a decline, (2011, Oct 4). When this was first looked at the thought was that if there were more guns out there that this would cause crime to increase, but this has been proven to be false. This stat bears the question of where there fewer crimes because the citizens are now gun owners, and the criminals are aware of this. Do you think it is because the criminals fear the laws? I do not think it is because they fear the laws. I truly believe that these criminals are thinking in the back of their mind that if they try to commit a crime against someone who could be armed, and they will retaliate by shooting them in self-defense. This may really make a criminal rethink this act before he/she commits the crime. Furthermore, I think the fact that the victim might be so scared and could shoot without thinking and possibly killing the perpetrator truly has the perpetrator thinking of this unknown factor, and that makes them more cautious about committing the crime in the first place. The following is a chart for the crime rates from 2009-2010, (2010, Dec. 20). As you can see that not only did the rates change in Chicago but the one below is for the United States as a whole. It was said that the â€Å"The Supreme Court breathed new life into the amendment when it struck down strict handgun bans in Washington and Chicago and spoke of the â€Å"inherent right of self-defense. † But to the dismay of gun rights advocates, judges in recent months have read those decisions narrowly and rejected claims from those who said they had a constitutional right to carry a loaded gun on their person or in their car. Instead, these judges from California to Maryland have said the â€Å"core right† to a gun is limited to the home. Now, the National Rifle Assn. is asking the high court to take up the issue this fall and â€Å"correct the widespread misapprehension that the 2nd Amendment’s scope does not extend beyond the home. † Stephen Halbrook, an NRA lawyer, said â€Å"some judges have buried their heads in the sand and have refused to go one step further† than saying there is a right to have a gun at home. The Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence hailed the trend and called the high court’s rulings a â€Å"hollow victory† for gun enthusiasts. The gun lobby has tried to expand [the 2nd Amendment] into a broad right to carry any type of gun anywhere. And they have been almost unanimously rejected by the courts,† said Jonathan Lowy, director of legal action. He conceded, however, that â€Å"this battle is far from over. † The uncertainty began with the Supreme Court itself. In 2008, Justice Antonin Scalia said the history of the 2nd Amendment shows it â€Å"guarantees the individual right to possess and carry weapons in case of confrontation. But other parts of his 5-4 opinion stressed there is no right to â€Å"carry any weapon in any manner,† and that bans on â€Å"carrying concealed weapons were lawful† in the 19th century† (Savage, D, 2011) The following stats provided by the FBI provide ammunition on the Supreme Court’s decision on the second Amendment. It stated that â€Å"Despite a grinding recession, reported crime in the United States continues to fall, the FBI said Monday. Violent crime was down 6 percent in 2010 — the fourth consecutive yearly decline, according to the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report. Property crime dropped for the eighth year in a row, down 2. 7 percent in 2010. In Pennsylvania, violent crime fell 3 percent and property crime ticked down 0. 5 percent. New Jersey and Delaware reported small drops in violent crime, but increases in property crime,† (Moran, R. 2011). These stats show that right to bear arms did not have a negative effect on the recession. As I read all the articles and stories while doing my research for this paper, I find that the restrictions imposed on gun ownership appear to infringe on our Second Amendment rights provided to us by the U. S. Constitution. I also feel that there should definitely be some sort of control on guns, but we should not do this at the expense of what the Founding Fathers wrote in the U. S. Constitution. As what has been previously covered in this paper the mentally ill, convicted felons, or people that have been convicted of violent crimes should be the only ones that are exempt from owning a gun, and I truly feel that this is for the safety of our citizens here in the United States. Furthermore, I think that states should not impose such restrictions and deny all of that states people the right to own a gun. This is not only a direct violation of that persons Second Amendment rights but also a violation of a person’s right to due process under the 14th amendment. Lastly, I truly believe that the extreme laws or gun confiscations are illegal under the US Constitution and these do not work to stop crimes. Reference Anonymous,  . The FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation. The Latest Stats Show a Continuing Decline in Crime Preliminary Semiannual Uniform Crime Report, January-June, 2010 (2010,  December , 20). Retrieved from http://www. bing. com/images/search? q=FBI+Crime+Rate+Reporting;view=detail;id=F22BCC735FB3184B04D1C2B36F350ED63CBD086F;first=0;FORM=IDFRIR Anonymous,  . SUPREME COURT ENDORSES NEW VIEW OF SECOND AMENDMENT Protection. (2008,  September). Criminal Justice Newsletter,3. Retrieved from http://proquest. umi. com/pqdweb? index=6;did=1646334181;SrchMode=1;sid=7;Fmt=2;VInst=PROD;VType=PQD;RQT=309;VName=PQD;TS=1322524094;clientId=74379 Lott, J. 2011, Oct 4) Chicago’s Violent Crime Rates Plummet After SCOTUS Removes Handgun Ban. Andrew Breitbart Presents BIG GOVERNMENT. Retrieved from http://biggovernment. com/jlott/2011/10/04/chicagos-violent-crime-rates-plummet-after-scotus-removes-handgun-ban/ Moran, R   (2011, September20). Crime rates continue to fall, FBI reports. McClatchy – Tribune Business News. Retrieved from http://proquest. umi. com/pqdweb? index=0;did=2460748471;SrchMode=1;sid=2;Fmt=3;VInst=PROD;VType=PQD;RQT=309;VName=PQD;TS=1324404944;clientId =74379 How to cite Restrictions on Gun Ownership, Papers

Information Systems and Supply Chain Management

Question: Discuss about the Information Systems and Supply Chain Management. Answer: Introdiuction: There are several demand-side factors, which will be able to help to describe the current change in the price of grapes. The scenario shows that despite the best times for wine industry in Australia, the grape sellers are not able to find a buyer at the usual price. The demand for grapes will depend on the changes in prices of the related goods. Several other factors are used to produce wine besides grapes. In other words, the demand for grapes will be affected by the prices of other inputs, especially its substitutes and complements. If the price of wine increases and income of the individuals decreases, the demand for grapes will also fall. Similarly, if the customers expects price to fall in the future, they are likely to decrease the demand for wine and as a result, price for grapes will be affected. This is mostly because, due to high price at present customers are avoiding to purchase wine. On the other hand, if the price of grapes falls, the price of wine will also decrease wi th the decrease in cost of production (Silvestro et al., 2013). The changes have direct impact on the price and quantity traded of grapes. The greater the income of individuals, the more will be the quantity traded of grapes. Technological changes will also lead to increase in quantity traded of grapes, as improved technology will reduce cost of production. This will turn, increase the marginal profit. This will induce Glen Arnold increase the supply of grapes. This will also avoid the usage of cheap grapes as well as cheap wine. In that case, they will also produce upscale wine along with less cost of production. The impact of these changes in the grape market will have a positive impact on quantity traded of domestic goods. It will prove to be profitable for the industry, as it will be based on globally recognized brands. This will in turn lead to more higher-margin premium exports as well as less of cheap products. The supply of grapes will also increase due to advancement of technology that will in turn benefit the suppliers (Stanko, Bohlmann Molina-Castillo, 2013). The model of demand and supply is considered as the greatest contribution of economics to human acknowledgement as it helps to describe the operation of the markets on which it depends. Demand is a schedule that illustrates several amounts of a commodity that customers are willing and able to purchase at a certain price. Changes in demand are likely to cause seasonal variation in the equilibrium price of oil. In other words, desirable change in taste and preferences of the customers will indulge the individuals to demand oil at each price. This will lead to variation in the equilibrium price, as an increase in demand will cause the equilibrium price to increase. The increase in the number of purchasers in the market is also likely to change demand that will affect equilibrium price. With the increase in the number of purchasers, old and inefficient refineries require to reopen in order to match the demand (Bagchi Bhattacharya, 2014). Price elasticity of supply is defined as the relationship between changes in price and quantity. The price elasticity of supply measures the receptiveness to the supply of a commodity after a change in its market price. Shortage will lead to variation of oil prices and it will mostly take place when supply will not equal to demand. This will in turn put upward pressure on the price of oil. Shortage in supply will also lead to shift in the equilibrium market leading towards a higher price point mostly due to restricted availability of supply. This indicates that present market equilibrium at a specified price is not fit for the present supply and demand relationship. This also indicates that the preferred commodity has a low level of affordability by the general public. Both the causes, such as a disease that has killed a large number of pigs and an augment in the cost of grain will lead to decrease in supply. Prices are determined with the help of interaction of demand and supply curve in the economy. Although both supply and demand quantities changes with the help of price, determinants of demand and supply changes either demand or supply, which in turn changes the market equilibrium. Profits from trade are maximized at equilibrium price and quantity. In a free market, equilibrium leads to lowest probable cost that requires to satisfy the highest value demands. However, if the quantity traded of pork is less as compared to its equilibrium quantity, resources will be wasted. As a result, suppliers will supply pork only at the equilibrium price. It can be thus concluded, that by making the use of data on the market equilibrium price as well as total quantity traded of pork over time will not be able to distinguish between the two explanations. A higher price of grain will lead to decrease in supply due to higher cost of production. A decrease in supply will in turn lead to increase in the equilibrium price as well as decrease in quantity traded. On the other hand, if pork is assumed to be normal good, higher incomes will lead to rise in demand. The rise in demand will lead to increase in price of equilibrium as well as quantity traded of pork. The constant interaction between purchasers and sellers will facilitate a price to emerge over time. A price in turn is found to facilitate an exchange to take place. Either a purchaser accepts the price or he makes the purchase. Market equilibrium is also considered as the market clearing price as this price indicates the exact amount that are taken by the producers to the market. Hence, in this case data on market equilibrium and total quantity traded will be able to distinguish two explanations (Balassa, 2013). References Bagchi, S. S., Bhattacharya, S. (2014). Sourcing Decision in a Multi-Period Model under Demand and Supply Uncertainty. International Journal of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management (IJISSCM), 7(4), 50-68. Balassa, B. (2013). The Theory of Economic Integration (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Silvestro, F., Bak-Jensen, B., Georgilakis, P., Baitch, A., Fan, M., Hatziargyriou, N., ... Petretto, G. (2013). Demand side integration aspects in active distribution planning. In Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2013), 22nd International Conference and Exhibition on (pp. 1-4). IET. Stanko, M. A., Bohlmann, J. D., Molina-Castillo, F. J. (2013). Demand-side inertia factors and their benefits for innovativeness. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 41(6), 649-668.

American Literature Mark Twain and Realism Research Paper Example

American Literature: Mark Twain and Realism Paper During the literary time period of Realism, many authors exemplified the characteristics of Realism; however, Mark Twain outstood all the rest. Twain is a great example of the Realist time period for literature. The Realist time period took place from 1850 until the turn of the century and he played a major role in the start of modern literature. Mark Twain really embraces the styles and conventions that the Realistic time period focused on. Realism is â€Å"the faithful representation of reality† (Campbell). Realism seemed like real life in the 1800s. Through the late 1800s, Realism emerged as the literary movement to focus on. Realism was the movement that bridged the Romantic time period to the Modern time period. As Realism emerged, it was defined as any work of fiction published in the late 1850s (Campbell). Through the course of this time period, Realism became very popular through different events in history. The major event that took place was the Civil War, 1861-1865. During the war, many soldiers had experienced down time when battles were not being fought. Reading would be a way to pass time in-between battles and this pushed the issue for more books to be published. Although Mark Twain didn’t publish his two most famous novels until 1876, other authors provided the soldiers with good Realist literature (Arpin 411). â€Å"Realism lasted from the Civil War until the turn of the century when Mark Twain wrote fiction devoted to accurate representation of American lives† (Campbell). The Civil War was the major impact on the beginning of Realism and the end of Romanticism. After the Civil War, â€Å"an increase in literacy rates, the growth of industrialization and urbanization, and a rise in the middle class provided a fertile environment for readers† (Campbell). We will write a custom essay sample on American Literature: Mark Twain and Realism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on American Literature: Mark Twain and Realism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on American Literature: Mark Twain and Realism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These actions helped define Realism to what it is seen as today. The best way to depict Realism is by analyzing the authors’ ability to narrate their respective novels. Many realist authors wrote using an unbiased perspective of life by only stating the facts and not delving into the characters’ heads no matter what part of society they were from (Galens 246). These authors used the style of an objective narration, which is a major characteristic of Realism, to satisfy all aspects of life. Through the way of life in societies, Realism was defined to be incorporating the customs of the area in the work. Not only did Realism impact literature, it impacted religion, philosophy, and psychology† (Galens 258). This movement hit home on every form of life and shifted the way people saw life in the late 1800s. Now, focusing on philosophy and religion, these factors were very apparent in Realist novels. â€Å"Many authors put forth their effort to bring in philosophical a nd religious debates to accompany their descriptions on the physical details in novels† (Galens 253). The use of these debates helps authors to focus on more than one theme throughout the course of a novel. Twain, in particular, liked to focus on freedom and independence combined with slavery as an influence in his novels (Hill 64). Some examples of these themes are found in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Going back to all Realist writers, in general, they â€Å"wanted to use all levels of society in their novels by addressing socioeconomic class conflict† (Galens 251). The idea of incorporating both the rich and the poor in books became a good idea in the minds of Realist novelists. Realism became known to involve these themes in literature. The use of setting, characterization, and the narrative voice helped define realist authors by using these styles to excellence (Galens 253). The narrative voice is a key in Realist writing and it is a main style of Realism. â€Å"Many writers wanted to focus of the objective reality by using a ‘storyteller,’ who is not involved in the story, instead of a character to tell the story† (Galens 253). As a result, most Realist novels are written in the third-person objective point of view. Another style of Realism is the characterization by the authors. Many authors were known for their wide range of characters, from both ends of society, as well as, going into deep psychological detail with certain characters (Galens 253-4). This characterization helps the reader to dig deeper into characters to learn how each one develops in their respective novels. The authors of Realism based their stories in both the city and the country. Authors looked to portray the working conditions, as well as, to involve historical events during the time at which he or she wrote (Galens 253). Twain showed this by writing about slavery during the Civil War. Realism expanded throughout the nineteenth century as many different variations came about to the authors. Regionalism, local color, and Naturalism were all based on Realism. â€Å"In the United States, Regionalism and local color fiction, in particular, were American offshoots of Realism. Realism also exerted a profound influence on drama and theatrical productions† (Galens 246-7). Regionalism focused on geography by using the native speech of the one’s that live in the area (Arpin 419). Regionalism was used by Twain to help dive deeper into a particular culture and certain area of the United States. Through these two versions of Realism, authors were able to expand their focuses on Realism to include more detail. â€Å"Local color fiction†¦ focused on the local customs, traditions, dialects, and folklore of small town and rural America† (Galens 255). Local color and Regionalism liked to focus on a specific area, or culture, and their way of life. Mark Twain is an exemplary figure in the Realistic time period. However, most people don’t know that â€Å"Mark Twain† is the writing name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens. The major dates in Clemens’ life were his birth, marriage, and death. He was born on November 30th, 1835, in Florida, Missouri. Twain was born to John Marshall and Jane Lampton Clemens, which means he took his mother’s name. He was married Olivia Langdon in February of 1870. Clemens’ demise occurred on April 21st, 1910, in Redding, Connecticut (Hill 65). Throughout Clemens’ life, one would suspect him to have received numerous awards; however, the only award he ever received was for being the faster typesetter in Missouri. As a teenager, Clemens worked at several jobs as an apprentice and typesetter (Hill 68. ) This work was mainly for his brother Orion, until Twain decided to leave the family business. In the following years, Clemens traveled America and became a licensed pilot (Hill 69). However, the Civil War started and Clemens had to give up his profession. â€Å"On 2 February, 1863, he employed the pseudonym Mark Twain for the first time on one of his contributions to a Virginia newspaper† (Hill 69). This is when he Clemens, the pilot and the typesetter, became Twain, the exemplary author. Twain exemplified the characteristics of the Realist time period. â€Å"Mark Twain is the best-known example of a regional writer whose realism far surpassed local bounds† (Arpin 420). He has been described to be one of the best writers of not only this time period, but of all time. His novels are outstanding and well-known around the world. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is one of the most popular novels ever written, however, there is much controversy over Twain’s â€Å"masterpiece,† such as its racism (Gerber 95). Even through this controversy, people still want to read this wonderful book. Some major influences in Twain’s writing were, obviously, The Civil War, along with the Era of Reconstruction and the Gilded Age (Hill 64). He was influenced mostly by the war and the issue of slavery. He lived during the time of slavery and was present to witness, first-hand, what slaves went through in the South. Twain’s masterpiece, as previously noted, is a book that deserved to be focused on. It is written excellently and has many of the characteristics that a Realistic novel needs to have. Two of his short stories, â€Å"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County† and â€Å"A Visit to Niagara,† were also observed for the characteristics of the Realistic time period. These were the most well-known short stories by Mark Twain. Mark Twain was an expert in using Realistic characteristics in his works of literature. There are two of many characteristics that make a novel belong in the Realistic time period. One is that the â€Å"diction is natural vernacular, and the tone may be comic or satiric† (Campbell). Basically, the author uses the native language of the region where the book is based to provide a Regionalist effect. The second characteristic is the way the authors depict ordinary people in their everyday lives. The last, but not least, characteristic is that â€Å"the events are plausible† in Realistic literature (Campbell). These three characteristics helped to define what we know as the Realistic time period. Twain orchestrated his writing in such a way that his diction emphasized a certain region, especially in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The book is based in the South and the way the characters talk sounds just like they have accents from the South. â€Å"I hain’t got no money, I tell you† (Twain 20). Reading this makes a person think that they are in the South in the late 1800s. Other quotes, such as, â€Å"I wisht old Boggs’d threaten me, ‘cuz then I’d know I warn’t gwyne to die for a thousan’ year,† (Twain 134) and â€Å"Doan’ you ‘member de house dat was float’n down de river, en dey wuz a man in dah, kivered up†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Twain 278), exemplify that this novel takes place in the far south of America during the Civil War. The diction that Twain uses resembles the area to where the setting of this particular book is. As a result, this vernacular helps the reader to understand the book to a bigger extent by understanding how people in that region talk and live. Twain showed his views of ordinary people living their everyday lives in his works. In â€Å"A Visit to Niagara,† the first couple of lines are typical things a visitor would say in a trip to Niagara Falls. â€Å"The hotels are excellent, and the prices not at all exorbitant† (Twain 19). This could be the thoughts of everyday people making a trip to the border. Also, the word â€Å"exorbitant,† shows possible diction of the language used in that particular region of America. â€Å"I found Simon Wheeler dozing comfortably by the barroom stove of the dilapidated tavern in the decayed mining camp† (Twain 11). This shows the life of Californians, which is where the story takes place in â€Å"A Celebrated†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Many men traveled westward in search of mining for gold and other valuables. Realist writing showed people what happened on a regular basis during the second half of the 19th century. Huck Finn â€Å"hadn’t had a bite to eat since yesterday, so Jim he got out some corn-dodgers and buttermilk, and pork and cabbage and greens† (Twain 111). This shows what people eat on a daily basis in the South and how their culture can be different from other regions. Realistic novels avoid the sensational, dramatic events of naturalistic novels and romances† (Campbell). Twain used many events from his life to form the novels The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Hill 69). In these novels, Twain mirrored the character of Tom Sawyer after himself. He also portrayed Huck to be a combination of his childhood friends. These stories were based on Clemens’ childhood. He wanted to reflect on his past adventures and tough times. â€Å"When they told me there was a state in this country where they’d let that nigger vote, I drawed out. I says I’ll never vote ag’in† (Twain 26). At this time in the South, slavery was still legal and this quote is referring to a black man in Ohio who is wearing nicer clothing than the whites. As Huck progresses through the novel, he discovers a runaway slave, Jim. This puts Huck in a tough predicament because he is a white boy dealing with a slave. â€Å"It was fifteen minutes before I could work myself up to go and humble myself to a nigger; but I done it, and I warnt ever sorry for it afterwards, neither. I didnt do him no more mean tricks, and I wouldnt done that one if Id a knowed it would make him feel that way† (Twain 82). Huck overcomes what he was brought up to think about blacks. He leaves his mind open to all the possibilities. Since Huck is based on Twain’s childhood friends, I come to believe that these events happened to at least one of his friends. Huck comes to meet a family and realizes that â€Å"each person had their own nigger to wait on them† (Twain 101). This resembles what slavery was like prior to the Civil War. Slaves were abundant and often outnumbered the family members that owned them. These plausible events show how Twain was able to relate his life through some not so fictional characters. Mark Twain was the most exemplary author of the Realistic time period. His works of literature, both novels and short stories, displayed many characteristics that occurred in the era of Realism. His plausible events, diction, and depiction of everyday life were some of the main proponents of his writing. Twain never won any awards for his works, but he was deprived because his literature was outstanding. He did have an award named after him, however. The Mark Twain Prize is presented at the annual Kennedy Awards in honor of his humorist writing. Twain exemplifies Realism and shows how to use these characteristic perfectly.

Big Brothers Big Mouth Essays

Big Brothers Big Mouth Essays Big Brothers Big Mouth Paper Big Brothers Big Mouth Paper This would mean that its audience are socially diverse, open-minded, and slightly merciless. This is reflected by the increasing diversity of housemates (i. e. tourettes sufferer Pete), the increasingly shocking events taking place and the vindictive and merciless competitiveness of the programme. Big Brother is the perfect example of cultivation theory, that is, through repeated exposure to former taboo subjects and issues the audience has become desensitised and almost view such issues as normal or acceptable. This is one reason why Big Brother has become one of the phenomenons of the 21st century; because our society has become so much more diverse and accepting Big Brother is allowed to flourish where as if it had been shown during the 1950s for example, it would have been met with disgust and uproar. Even today Big Brother often stirs up controversy but in an era in which controversy is almost the norm, it is just something to read about in newspapers, and perhaps argue about with friends. Another important consideration is Big Brothers target audience which is extremely diverse; its primary audience is 18 to 35 year olds, of both genders. This is reflected by the housemates who fit into this category themselves, which is important in order for the audience to be able to relate to the them. I would consider the target lifestyle to be mainly aspirers. This is because Big Brother is essentially a shortcut to fame, with only a very select few making it onto the programme. Therefore the people watching Big Brother aspire to the housemates an the supposed fame that awaits them. I also believe that Big Brother appeals to explorers due to the fact that it is such a revolutionary show. I t offers something that no other genre offers, which satisfies explorers want for new experiences. As for the Uses and Gratifications theory, Big Brother offers its audience a form of escapism, social identify, and a reflection of social relationships. The audience find an escape from their own problems and worries through the exaggerated and dramatised ones of the Big Brother housemates. It is also an extremely unlikely situation, giving its audience a temporary escape from reality. Due to the fact that Big Brother is based on social interaction of the housemates it is a reflection of social relationships. Much of the public can relate to the relationships between characters, e. g. the romance between Grace and Mikey. These relationships often reflect the audiences own social relationships making it interesting and often informative viewing. The diversity of the Big Brother house ensures that it is extremely likely that there is at least one character in the house that the audience can relate and feel a connection to. This social identity is an important factor, as everyone wants to feel that they can relate to another person or group; the need for acceptance is a key part of human nature. Big Brother recognise this need and addresses it with its uniquely diverse household. The ideology promoted by Big Brother is a shallow one, with the importance of fame, popularity, and winning being either embedded or promoted by the housemates. It implies that society is based on competition, and that personal relationships can be used as a tool to get what you want. These ideologies have prompted much criticism from the media. However, the institution behind Big Brother, Endamol, will continue with its controversial winning formula so long as it keeps audience figures up. This is because Endamol is a major commercial institution meaning that its main priority is profit. It is behind many other successful TV productions such as Desperate Housewives and Lost. The popularity of Big Brother has resulted in it branching off into a mini-subculture with supporting programmes such as Big Brothers Big Mouth, Big Brothers Little Brother and Diary Room Uncut. It has even got its very own column or page in most tabloid newspapers dedicated the happenings inside the Big Brother house. This reflects the amazing popularity and influence Big Brother holds in todays society, the key to its success? It is a reflection of society and we as a race are constantly trying to analyse and explain our own behaviour, Big Brother is essentially a glass cage in which we can curiously peer.

How to Start a Business in USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How to Start a Business in USA - Essay Example In order to successfully implement a concept of retail pharmacy business, this paper strives to identify some basic steps which are required before any such activity could be started in USA. This paper will demonstrate how to start a business in Chicago, Illinois and also acts as a basic guideline for an individual who has yet to go through an actual implementation process. This paper is based on the research carried out to reveal the steps which are necessary to be taken when starting a retail pharmacy business in Chicago. Importance of intellectual property: The importance of intellectual property (IP) should be recognized thoroughly by a start-up business owner. IP is actually a legal concept and is sadly, poorly misunderstood by many people who wish to start their own businesses and think that this concept can only be appropriately applied by those people who are legal experts. Every enterprise, company or business organization should pay attention to IP. IP can help the owners a t every stage of business development â€Å"from product development to product design, from service delivery to marketing, and from raising financial resources to exporting or expanding your business abroad† (World Intellectual Property Organization, n.d.). in order to maximize the benefits, business owners should know how to use the IP system. It is worth mentioning that in case IP being used belongs to others, then rights have to be acquired to use it by obtaining a license so that forthcoming disputes and litigation could be avoided by the novice individuals intent on establishing personal businesses. IP is also important to a business because it helps in copyright protection and get fair economic awards on grounds of a business’s individual creativity and product sales. Government requirements: Retail pharmacy is recognized as one of the mainstream profitable businesses in entire USA. But, area requirements should be deeply understood and assessed before implement ing and operating any business concept, According to Woodfield (2012), State of Illinois Business Portal suggests that before starting up a business in Chicago, certain city, state, and federal requirements have to be fulfilled by an individual. Though he owner of a business has to get him/herself registered with the city, still â€Å"there are also state and federal hoops to jump through before you can open your doors† (Woodfield, 2012). However, the retail pharmacy business concept is exempted from obtaining Chicago city license. For that purpose, license from the Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation is to be obtained by the owner (Cequea, 2012). First, a strategic and clear business plan has to explicitly written down to be shown in different registration offices later on. As Chicago distinguishes itself by being the third most populous city in USA, so the business plan should also contain a map for showing the official authorities as to how one wis hes to make one’s desired business concept stand out among the rest. Chicago area-attorney and accountant, among other official authority members, have to be consulted first by an individual who is novice to the Chicago business scene. Afterwards, Federal Employer Identification Number (FEIN) should be applied for in order to get the business registered with the state of Illinois. Then one must get registered with federal government for tax purposes. The government regulations

The world's oceans, Should Ocean Protected Areas Exist Essay

The world's oceans, Should Ocean Protected Areas Exist - Essay Example Should Ocean Protected Areas Exist (increase the area/rate)? Overexploitations of marine resources and overfishing have necessitated the need for ocean protected areas. Today marine protected areas have been proved to be essential for restoring fisheries, promoting marine biodiversity and increasing marine productivity in the oceans. Even though marine resources play a pivotal role in the economic development of the nation scientific studies reveal that â€Å"many of our marine resources are overexploited and face external environmental threats† (Sanchirico, Cochran & Emerson 1). Such overexploitation or overfishing adversely affect fragile ocean habitats, damage ocean ecosystems, cause disturbances in food chains and result in the loss of unique marine life communities. Marine resources are so much important for the humans as â€Å"97 % of all the water on the Earth is in the oceans† (Yang) and because â€Å"71% of Earth’s surface† (Woods Hole Oceanographic) is covered by oceans. Stabilizing climate temperatures, e xchanging of climate gases, and increasing biodiversity are parts of benefits that the ocean yields us. Similarly, ocean produces half of the oxygen that the humans breathe and offers a great environmental condition that keeps organisms alive and growing. As Langreth has rightly pointed out ocean offers shelter to an estimated â€Å"five million species, most of which have not yet been classified† (Langreth). However, man’s indiscriminate actions such as dumping waste materials, oils, overfishing, and noise pollutions pose great threat to the marine life in oceans. Therefore, it is imperative that man protects and conserves marine life through such radical measures as the marine protected areas. ... Certain species such as bluefin tuna have already been destroyed or disappeared from the ocean. While overfishing has led to the disappearance of tens of thousands of bluefin tuna across the seas of Northern Europe in the 1930s and 1940s it has contributed to the vanishing of Halibut from the North Atlantic during the 19th century (Overfished and under-protected: Oceans on the brink of catastrophic collapse). Similarly, trawling towards is one of the methods for fishing and it is really harmful to the ocean. Bottom-trawling which involves dropping a large net, â€Å"around 60 meters-wide into the sea and dragging it along with heavy weights from a trawler cause ‘worst and unnecessary damage’ to many species of fishes† (Overfished and under-protected: Oceans on the brink of catastrophic collapse). Marine pollution is another major harm done by the humans to the ocean. Mostly, man’s indiscriminate dumping of such harmful materials into the sea as pesticides, herbicides, chemical fertilizers, detergents, oil, sewage, plastics, and other solids result in massive marine pollution. These have caused around 400 dead zones around the world and these harmful materials â€Å"rob the water of oxygen, leaving areas where little or no marine life can exist† (Marine Pollution). In addition, noise pollution such as sound waves from the cargo ships also kills a lot of organism in the ocean. It has been identified that the presence of loud or persistent sounds from ships, sonar devices, oil rigs, and even from natural sources like earthquakes can â€Å"disrupt the migration, communication, hunting, and reproduction patterns of many marine animals, particularly aquatic mammals like whales and dolphins† (Marine Pollution). Marine protection is possible only through competent and

US Army Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

US Army - Essay Example A) Supporting evidence – The leader’s self confidence and effectiveness positively impacts team performance (Stephen, 2011). B) Explanation – This statement was completely true in the team that I belong too. The leader was instrumental in inspiring the team to achieve a higher level of performance. C) So what? – I firmly believe that if our team leader was not so inspiring and effective the team would not perform so well. Body Paragraph II: Topic sentence - Communication is an extremely important aspect of group work. A) Supporting evidence - â€Å"Communication traits are an individual's verbal and nonverbal behaviors that explain the individual's consistency in message sending and receiving† (Anderson & Martin, 1999). B) Explanation – The article described different ways in which verbal and non verbal communication affects small teams. C) So what? The team that I was a part of created its own nonverbal communication language. Body Paragraph III: Topic sentence - Task and maintenance roles played a big part in the functionality of the team. Tasks roles help get the job done, while maintenance roles provide the oil for the machinery (Srds). ... Verbal and nonverbal communications are important to send and receive messages effectively during conversations. Task and maintenance roles are a way that groups are able to achieve their desire outcome The group that I will describe is a special task force group which I belong too at a former employer. The group was composed of five members. The size of the group was adequate. The purpose of the group was to brainstorm ideas for new products. The group was extremely effective. The first attribute that made the group so successful was the presence of a tremendous team leader. The team leader had superb communication, leadership, and people skills. She made everyone feel that their opinions and input were valuable. All the team members got along well and they supported each others ideas. One of the primary reasons that the group was so effective was due to the fact that the group was able to achieve synergy. Synergy occurs when the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. Three cha racteristics that made the team effective were leadership, effective verbal and nonverbal communication, and clearly defined tasks and maintenance roles. The team leader was very flexible and from time to time she let the other members take charge of the group to help them develop their leadership skills. This enabled other team members to develop their leadership skills. Everyone on the team was very responsible, attentive to details, and they delivered their work tasks on a timely manner. Absenteeism among team members to meetings was minimal and rarely would a team member arrive late. Team meetings were held during and after work hours. The meetings after work hours were informal and its purpose was to socialize more than to do actual work. The team

Explanation Of The Internal Point Of View

Explanation Of The Internal Point Of View Jurisprudential debate concerning the nature of law is often thought of as a long-running battle between two schools of thought the rival camps of natural law and legal positivism. The natural law tradition has always emphasised laws grounded ness in justice and the common good, while legal positivism had tended to emphasise laws basis in authority. Legal positivism emerged from the work of Jeremy Bentham and his disciple John Austin. The latter famously claimed that the idea of sanctions is the key to the science of jurisprudence.  [1]  Therefore he held that legal rules are to be threats backed by sanctions and statements of legal obligations, so as the threatened sanctions to be carried out. Another great legal positivist, Hans Kelsen, tried to explain legal rules and obligations in terms of norm, to be directives to courts requiring them to apply sanctions. In addition Alf Ross separating the difference between Austin and Kelsen, understood of legal rules as norms addressed to courts guiding the use of sanctions and statements of legal validity as predictions that these norms will be followed. However, one of the two greatest twentieth-century (the other one is Hans Kelsen) exponents of the legal positivism was, without question, Hart. In his principal book The Concept of Law  [2]  , Hart describes the central thesis of legal positivism as the simple contention that it is in no sense a necessary truth that laws reproduce or satisfy certain demands of morality, though in fact they have often done so.  [3]  Therefore the central claim of legal positivism is that law is separate and distinct from morality. Also, Hart showed that sanction-centred accounts ignored an essential feature of law. This feature was termed the internal point of view. Harts internal point of view claims that the law is seen not just sanction-threatening, directing, or predicting, but imposing obligations. Therefore, what, precisely, is the internal point of view? And hence, what role does it play in Harts theory? In short, the internal point of view is the practical attitude of rule acceptance. It does not suggest that people accept their moral legitimacy, but only that they are willing to guide, and evaluate their conduct according to the rules. As for its importance to Hart theory, it plays four roles: (1) it specifies a particular type of motivation that someone may take towards to the law; (2) it constitutes one of the main existence conditions for social and legal rules; (3) it accounts for the intelligibility of legal practice and discourse; (4) it provides a naturalistically acceptable semantics for legal statements.  [4]  This concept perhaps is Harts greatest contribution to jurisprudential theory but it is often easily misunderstood. To begin with, Hart dictates that the element of authority involved in law has always been one of the obstacles in the path of an easy explanation of what law is.  [5]  He argues that the command theorists  [6]  explain force as the main component of law and have looked only on one side of the coin the external element of law. It compels people to act only out of fear. This may be the bad mans view of the law and Hart argues that it does not present a balanced picture. A positivist theory of law must offer an account of the nature of law-making authority. At the same time, positivists claim that the validity of a law does not entail an obligation to obey it. This means that the theory is quite independent of any theory about the basis of a moral obligation to obey the law. Bentham and Austin approached these problems by treating statements about sovereignty, rights and obligations as straight forward statements of observable social facts. Therefore in focusing only on the com mands and actions of a sovereign in imposing sanctions, the command theorists have ignored the internal aspect which characterises all law. This is element is the internal point of view which make people feel a sense of obligation to obey the law. In fact, as Hart explains there is a distinction between the two aspects of law, to be obliged thus to act in a certain way because of some threat or by force, such as when an armed man orders a person to hand over money, and to be under an obligation thus to feel in yourself a sense of duty to act in a certain way without some external factors such as threat or sanctions. Therefore, for Hart the command theories try to explain the law only in terms of the first notion, therefor they are inadequate, because the law has both an external and an internal fashion to induce compliance. According to Stephen Perry, for example, the general idea of the internal point of view is that an adequate jurisprudential account must at some point take into consideration how the practice looks to at least some of the practices participants, from the inside.  [7]  Similarly, Gerry Postema writes: The law, like other similar social practices, is constituted not only by intricate patterns of behavioural interactions, but also by the beliefs, activities, judgments and understandings of participants. The practice has an inside, the internal point of view of participants.  [8]   In regard to the above, Harts doctrine demands that legal theories to become across with the shared experiences of legal natives. Jurisprudence must take the insiders point of view, and have a conflict with those theories that ignore the attitudes and beliefs of the people that are under the law. Therefore the internal point of view came to question sanction-centred theories of law, such as those suggested by Hans Kelsen and Oliver Holmes. Hart claimed that these theories are lacking insight because they ignore or conceal the range of attitudes that people have in the direction of the law. The problem in Kelsens theory, is that the law directs officials to punish those who dont comply with the rules instead of providing guidance for those who want to live according and under their obligations. Also the difficulties with bad man theories such as Holmes is that they assume that people are driven to follow the law merely in order to avoid sanctions, rather than because that rules requir e so. In addition, Holmes who is an insider himself, his curiosity about the law is explained only by his aversion to sanctions. He benefits one type of insiders point of view over another. So as Hart says, theorists by focusing only on the perspective of the bad man, sanction-centred theories define, only the other point of view, particularly, the internal point of view out of existence. Thus for Hart the the internal point of view is actually the practical attitude of rule-acceptance. It happens when people accept or endorse a convergent pattern of behaviour as a standard of conduct towards a social rule. Therefore when the phrase the internal point of view has one meaning, it refers to a specific practical attitude. Moreover practical point of view has two attitudes that an insider can follow towards the rules: acceptance and non-acceptance. According to Hart, if someone accepts the rules have taken the internal point of view. In reverse, if someone does not accept the rules, either because they accept the bad man point of view, or because they are just observing, they dont take a practical attitude at all, it is just the external point of view. However, what does he mean to accept a social rule? Hart claims that to accept a social rule is to regard a pattern of behaviour as a general standard to be followed by the group as a whole.  [9]  It is to treat existence of the rule as a reason and justification for action, as the basis for claims, admissions, demands, punishment or criticisms, as establishing the legitimacy of these demands and criticisms.  [10]  Hart clears out that the moral legitimacy of the law does not needed in order to accept its authority. Hence the standard of conduct meant by Hart is certainly not the moral legitimacy of law. Therefore as he said is that when one takes the internal point of view towards a rule, acts according to the commands of the rule.  [11]  But since this can be comfort by the bad mans theories Hart added, The second way in which the internal point of view is expressed is through critical evaluation.  [12]  So as people who accept the rules criticize others even themse lves for not conforming to the rules. In the end, the internal point of view is often expressed by words such as must, ought, wrong, and right. As Scott J. Shapiro in his Journal said if someone accepts the rule that men must bear their heads upon entering a church, this practical attitude might be expressed by statements of the form: You ought to take off your hat in Church or It was wrong of me not to take off my hat last Sunday.  [13]  These statements are internal statements as described by Hart.  [14]  Therefore, Hart compares these practical statements with theoretical statements that others accept a particular rule. For example, someone might say, Episcopalians accept a rule requiring men to take off their hats in Church.  [15]  For Hart, these are the external statements since they express the external point of view.  [16]   To sum up, as Scott J. Shapiro said in his Journal Harts internal point of view must be understood as a commitment to act in all of the above ways. That is, one takes the internal point of view towards a rule when one intends to conform to the rule, criticizes others for failing to conform, does not to criticize others for criticizing and expresses ones criticism using evaluative language.  [17]  Basically, Hart concept of the internal aspect distinguishes between social rules and social habits. A crucial difference from a social habit and a social rule is that habit lack criticism from others in a group when the convergent behaviour is deviated from. However, as it is seen, the internal aspect and therefore rules is an important ingredient for Hart conception of law. At first impression Hart conception of law, is a symbiotic relationship between primary and secondary rules, and more importantly the internal point of view seems valid. A primary rule imposes duties and prescribes how one must act by way of recognizing a general standard mode of behaviour. The secondary rules consist of the three important characteristics, which can be characterized as sub rules, which give the concept of rules as law and obligations, but more importantly, law as a system of rules. First is the rule of recognition, which helps to determine whether a rule is indeed a rule, this is determined by the influx of criticism for deviation of the rule and the existence of social pressures to conform. The second, denoted as the rule of change, which allows for the creation of new primary rules or the change and modifications of old rules for the group to live by, these rules are also subject to procedural standards. The final characteristic is the rule of adjudication that de termines whether or not a primary rule has been violated and prescribes the procedure the courts must follow to apply sanctions. There is also a strong connection with the rule of adjudication and the rule of recognition because, if the courts are empowered to make authoritative determinations of the fact that a rule has been broken, these cannot avoid being taken as authoritative determination of what the rules are.  [18]   Indeed the mosaic of the internal aspect, the primary and secondary rule as law is very attractive for Hart because he is able to explain where Austin has failed. Primary rules are laws, because they are general and span over the territory in which the sovereign has authority, and secondary rules are a means to enforce and amend the laws. The power conferred to the individual is not a duty, but merely powered conferred to identify rules and the breach of obligation, this is justified by inextricably linking the rules of recognition and the rule of adjudication. The existence of secondary rules, giving amendment ability and the creation of new rules, has an exacted resemblance of a legal system. However Hart analysis is open to scrutiny. One element that can be objected to is his assumption on why individuals obey law. For Hart, people obey rules hence law, because of the internal aspect. Individuals obey, not habitually or because of some sense of reason, but because other are doing so. The internal aspect also makes an assumption that a society where the internal aspect is at large is one that is duly homogenous. The individuals in this society all think in a similar fashion, they share the same morals, ethics and perspective and because of this they know rather instinctually know. Hart idea of the internal aspect is an explanation of why people obey and follow laws, but the implications of this theory is that the individuals under sovereign rule are completely oblivious and unthinking to law and the creation of laws is largely reactionary, where there are no presupposed principles of the social group in question. Hart points out that that there is no necessary conceptual connection between law and morality. He supports that there can be legal rights or duties that have no moral justification or force. On the other hand Dworkin which occupies a theoretical position somewhere between natural law and legal positivism maintains that there must be moral grounds fo r the assertions of the existence of legal rights and duties. That is, legal rights are a species of moral rights. Hart points out that his theory enables the identification of the law based on a relatively straight forward application of a rule of recognition. Dworkins theory on the other hand, requires a complex moral calculation and interpretation to identify even the simplest rule as a rule of law. The notion that the internal aspect is the main and only reason for peoples compliance and obedient nature to law is insulting to the populations intelligence and the diversity of peoples, morals, ethics and thought. To conclude by the combination of primary and secondary rules Hart believes that he has found a significant weapon for the analysis of much that puzzled both the jurist and the political theorists, namely, the heart of a legal system. He believes that this approach is greater than his predecessors to explain the nature of law. He rejects the sanction-centred theories because they are based only on the motivation that people will obey only through fear. Also Hart allows us to see legal phenomena, not in terms of isolated precepts with not meaningful link to social reality but as a unified system upon the concept of rule of recognition.

College Admissions Essay: An Meaningful Activity :: College Admissions Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When the horsehair is one millimeter over the A string is when I wonder if my cue has been strong enough. It is too late, however, to turn back. I have started the quartet, and with the ictus of my violin's scroll, the sound is released. The first seconds of connection between horsehair and metal string are the most important. I concentrate on controlling my right index finger as every inconsistency in the fluidity of my hand magnifies itself in my ears. Under my chin the wood begins the vibration that lets me know I am connected to the sound. Only I can hear the secret nervous bounce of my bow as I speed up my right forearm and the impurities in my contact with the string that are masked by the distance between my first violin chair and the first row of audience. The imperfection is what I love. Only one note has passed, but as I relax my shoulder for the reversal of my bow, I strive to make the next one more beautiful. There is a never-ending series of notes. At the conclusion of this phrase, the downbeat brings the capital letter of a new sentence. At the end of this movement, there is another.